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Dangerous Operations Group

Dangerous people know how to use the terrain to command a battle field area, no matter how large or small that area is. Keep in mind that the enemy has people who may be dangerous too, who know how to read the OCOKA of the battlefield. When looking at an area always look to see what the enemy has as best cover for Line of Sight (LOS) to your position, and ensure that your cover fire, if needed is watching those points as well. Limit your movement in exposed areas and do not always take the obvious route.

OCOKA:

  • Observation and Fields of Fire,
  • Cover and Concealment.
  • Obstacles (manmade and natural).
  • Key or Decisive Terrain.
  • Avenues of Approach

All of these factors must be analyzed:

  • 1. the mission of the unit
  • 2. the type operation
  • 3. the level of command
  • 4. the composition of forces involved
  • 5. the weapons and equipment expected to be encountered

1. Observation and Fields of Fire:

The evaluation of observation and fields of fire allows you to:

  • Identify potential engagement areas.
  • Identify defensible terrain and weapons system positions.
  • Identify where maneuvering forces are most vulnerable to observation and fires.

Observation:

  • Observation is the ability to see over a particular area to acquire targets.
  • "Visibility" is weather dependent or is a temporary phenomenon.
  • Observation, is terrain dependent and is relatively permanent.
  • The best observation is usually obtained from the highest terrain in an area.

Fields of Fire:

  • The area a weapon can cover effectively from a given point.
  • The Maximum Effective rage a weapon or systems fires.
  • Fires can be of two basic types.

    • Direct fire weapons are Pistols, Line Of Sight {LOS} to the target.
    • Indirect fire weapons are Mortars, Artillery, Tanks.

    Observation and fields of fire are not the same.

    You may be able to see 25 km from a mountain side, but if you are armed with a rifle, and its maximum effective range is 500 meters, the actual range you can kill, then your fields of fire is limited to 500 meters within your field of vision.

    2. Cover and Concealment:

    Cover:

    Provides protection from the effects of weapons fires, direct, indirect, and air to ground.

    Certain aspects of the terrain may provide good cover from all types of fires or only one type.

    Concealment:

    Protection from observation, either from the air or from the ground or both.

    Examples:

    • Slope.
    • Vegetation.
    • Built up areas.
    • River Bed.

    Cover can be used to protect a force from the effects of direct and indirect fires.
    In could be used to protect a force from observation.
    Cover therefore be the object providing cover and concealment.
    But cover and concealment do not always equate.

    If an attacking force can move forward under concealment, the chances of achieving surprise increase.
    Concealed and covered approach routes are important to reconnaissance units and dismounted infantry
    Enemy forces will also seek cover and concealment to move forward against you.

    Defending forces seek to defend in an area which offers both concealment and cover to themselves but which does not provide covered approaches for the threat.

    3. Obstacles:

    Any natural or manmade terrain feature that stops, impedes, slows, or diverts movement.

    Examples:

    Buildings, steep slopes, rivers, lakes, forests, deserts, swamps, jungles, cities, minefield, trenches, and mine fields traps, ect.

    Things to look for:

    Vegetation (tree spacing and trunk diameter).
    Surface drainage (stream width, depth, velocity, bank slope, and height).
    Surface materials (soil types and conditions that affect mobility).
    Surface configuration (slopes that affect mobility).
    Obstacles (natural and manmade; consider obstacles to flight as well as ground mobility).
    Transportation systems (bridge classifications and road characteristics such as curve,radius, slopes, and width)
    Effects of actual or projected weather such as heavy precipitation or snow over.

    4. Key or Decisive Terrain

    Some terrain feature (natural or manmade) which, if controlled, will give a marked advantage to whoever controls it.
    Often selected for use as battle positions or objectives.
    Echelon of command, mission, enemy, and situation dependent.
    To designate terrain as decisive is to recognize that the mission depends on seizing or retaining it.
    Key or decisive terrain must be controlled, not necessarily occupied. It may be controlled by either fires or maneuver.

    Examples:

    A bridge over an unfordable river which gives access to the opposite shore without requiring an assault crossing.
    A level clearing in rough terrain which is the only accessible landing field for airmobile operations.
    Choke points on an avenue of approach will become key terrain. A Valley or Pass between Mountains.

    5. Avenues of Approach (AoA):

    An AoA is an air or ground route of an attacking force of a given size leading to its objective or to key terrain in its path.

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